الوحدات الأساسية

At the end of this course, the learner will be able to:
In terms of knowledge:
1. Understand the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms:
Identify the distinct genetic characteristics of these two types of organism.
2. Master molecular biology techniques: Understand the basic principles of
techniques such as such as PCR, transgenesis and cloning, and their application in
genetics.
3. Recognising genetic abnormalities: Understand the different types of mutations
and their effects on organisms, as well as the methods for detecting genetic
anomalies in plants and animals.
4. Know Mendel's laws: Understand Mendel's laws of heredity and their application to animal genetics.

Structural biochemistry is a fundamental discipline that examines the molecular composition, architecture, and functional relationships of biological macromolecules. Carbohydrates, as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or their derivatives, contribute to cellular energetics and provide essential structural frameworks in plants, bacteria, and connective tissues. Lipids, defined by their hydrophobic or amphipathic character, constitute the primary structural elements of biological membranes and act as reservoirs of metabolic energy, signaling mediators, and precursors for bioactive molecules. Proteins, composed of amino acids linked through peptide bonds and folded into highly specific three-dimensional conformations, are responsible for the majority of cellular functions, including structural support, molecular transport, signaling, and immune defense. Enzymes, a specialized class of proteins, serve as biological catalysts that enhance the rate and specificity of metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy barriers, thereby governing the regulation and integration of biochemical pathways. Collectively, these macromolecular systems establish the structural and functional basis of cellular life and underpin the dynamic processes essential for growth, homeostasis, and adaptation.